BACKGROUND: A robust knowledge on the pattern of use of emergency care resources not only serves as an indicator of universal access to care but also provides a basis for quality improvement within the health system. This study was undertaken to describe the pattern of emergency room visits at Brits District Hospital (BDH) in North West province, South Africa. The objectives of this study were to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of emergency department (ED) users and other patterns of ED use. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted at a district hospital. All patients who reported for emergency care in the ED in 2016 were eligible for the study. Data were extracted and analysed from a systematic sample of 355 clinical notes and hospital administrative records. RESULTS: The age group that visited the ED most frequently (25.3%) was 25-34 years old. A high proportion of the ED users (60%) were self-referred, and only 38% were transported by the emergency medical response services (EMRS). Few (5.6%) presentations were of a non-urgent nature. Trauma-related conditions accounted for the most frequent presentation at the ED (36.5%). CONCLUSION: Although most ED users were self-referred, their clinical presentations were appropriate and underscore the need for policy strategies to reduce the burden of trauma in the catchment population. CONTRIBUTION: The study findings may have an impact on future health policies by providing decision-makers with baseline information on the pattern of use of ED resources, ensuring better resource deployment and greater access to care.

BACKGROUND: Namibia is undergoing an epidemiological transition after decline in local transmission of malaria, and the country is now in a position to move towards eliminating local transmission by 2030. However, malaria prevalence cannot be adequately explained from medical and modern prevention points of view alone. The persistence of malaria might appear as a result of not recognising sociocultural factors that seem useful in the prevention of malaria, Hence, studies on sociocultural factors are limited AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the sociocultural factors that influence the prevention of malaria in Ohangwena region SETTING: The study was conducted in Ohangwena region of northern Namibia METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study and a mixed methods, convergent parallel design was employed RESULTS: The major theme revealed that traditional prevention methods of malaria are widely available in rural communities. The best accepted traditional prevention methods include tumbleweed, bitter bush and animal dung. Quantitative findings indicated that 67.0% of participants felt that nets are expensive. Key barriers included the long distance to access health facilities (29.1%), long waiting times (25.8%) and the lack of money to pay for services and transport (22.5% CONCLUSION: The limited access to and cost of Western prevention methods minimise protection because of priority and resource allocations, but it could be mitigated with the use of locally available traditional prevention practices used for many years in curbing malaria. There is a need to create awareness about socioculturally congruent malaria care CONTRIBUTION: This study has revealed the need to combine standard prevention with traditional prevention practices in the fight against malaria, and it intensified research focusing on interventions that address sociocultural factors for the prevention of malaria in endemic regions. In addition, part of the novelty of the study is establishing the need to test the efficacy of traditional practices used

Resumen En 1933, Diego Rivera comenzó a pintar El hombre en la encrucijada, un mural en el Rockefeller Center de la ciudad de Nueva York. Después de que Rivera incluyó un retrato del revolucionario bolchevique Vladimir Lenin y rechazó la demanda de Nelson Rockefeller de eliminarlo, el mural se cubrió primero y luego, en febrero de 1934, se destruyó. Ese mismo año, Rivera pintó un mural remodelado, Hombre, el controlador del universo, en el Palacio de Belles Artes de la Ciudad de México. El artículo actual examina esta controversia a través de la lente de la relación de Rivera con la izquierda comunista, en particular el Partido Comunista (pro Moscú), Liga Comunista de América (trotskista) y el Partido Comunista (Oposición) dirigido por Jay Lovestone, y argumenta que esta perspectiva proporciona un entendimiento más completo de los compromisos políticos del muralista y las políticas diversas expresadas en la obra de Rivera en aquel momento.

Abstract In 1933, Diego Rivera began painting Man at the Crossroads, a mural at Rockefeller Center in New York City. After Rivera included a portrait of Bolshevik Revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, and refused Nelson Rockerfeller’s demand to remove this, the mural was first covered up, and then in February 1934, destroyed. That same year, Rivera painted a refashioned mural, Hombre, el controlador del universo, at the Palacio de Belles Artes in Mexico City. The current article examines this controversy through the lens of Rivera’s relationship with the Communist left, in particular the pro-Moscow Communist Party, the Trotskyist Communist League of America, and the Lovestoneite Communist Party (Opposition), and argues that this provides a fuller understanding of Rivera’s evolving political commitments and the changing politics of his paintings in this period.

Resumen Si bien los ratones del género Peromyscus son uno de los grupos de mamíferos mejor estudiados, su diversidad de especies y relaciones filogenéticas aún no son entendidas. Esta falta de claridad taxonómica se debe, principalmente, a su morfología conservada y a que algunos taxones son raros, tienen distribuciones restringidas o han sido poco muestreados. Peromyscus mexicanus incluye subespecies del sur de México que no han sido analizadas utilizando datos genéticos, y nosotros investigamos sus relaciones filogenéticas y estructuración genética usando las secuencias del gen mitocondrial citocromo b. Detectamos que P. mexicanus es parafilético, ya que P. m. teapensis, P. m. tehuantepecus y P. m. totontepecus están más relacionados filogenéticamente con P. gymnotis que con P. m. mexicanus. Este clado, altamente divergente, se distribuye desde el noreste de Oaxaca al norte de Chiapas, incluyendo el sur de Veracruz y el sur de Tabasco. Con base en su distinción mitocondrial, el rango geográfico cohesivo de este clado y la información molecular, bioquímica y morfológica previamente reportada, recomendamos tratarlo como P. totontepecus. Nuestros resultados demuestran la necesidad de mejorar el entendimiento sobre la diversidad e historia evolutiva de estos miembros comunes y abundantes de pequeños mamíferos de Norteamérica.

Abstract Although deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) are among the most studied small mammals, their species diversity and phylogenetic relationships remain unclear. The lack of taxonomic clarity is mainly due to a conservative morphology and because some taxa are rare, have restricted distributions, or are poorly sampled. One taxon, P. mexicanus, includes southern Mexican subspecies that have not had their systematic placement tested with genetic data. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of P. mexicanus populations using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. We inferred that P. mexicanus is paraphyletic, with P. m. teapensis, P. m. tehuantepecus, and P. m. totontepecus more closely related to P. gymnotis than to P. m. mexicanus. This highly divergent clade ranges from northeastern Oaxaca to northern Chiapas, including southern Veracruz, and southern Tabasco. In light of this group’s mitochondrial distinctiveness, cohesive geographic range, and previously reported molecular, biochemical, and morphological differences, we recommend it be treated as P. totontepecus. Our findings demonstrate the need for an improved understanding of the diversity and evolutionary history of these common and abundant members of North American small mammal communities.

Abstract: Woodrats (genus Neotoma) comprise 24 species found primarily in the United States and México. The Neotoma mexicana species group reaches its southernmost distribution in the highlands of southern México and Central America. Previous research suggested that N. mexicana has a discontinuous distribution, whereas N. ferruginea and N. picta have allopatric distributions around the lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. However, these hypotheses were suggested with incomplete subspecific sampling near the isthmus. We used samples of N. m. parvidens from the Sierra Sur de Oaxaca and N. m. tropicalis from the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca to assess their taxonomic affinity. Our phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene place both subspecies in N. ferruginea. Therefore, we suggest that N. mexicana is continuously distributed from the United States to the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, N. picta inhabits the Guerreran Sierra Madre del Sur, and N. ferruginea ranges from the Oaxacan Sierra Madre del Sur to Central America. Our findings also indicate that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec did not promote speciation in these woodrats.

Resumen: Las ratas de campo (género Neotoma) incluyen 24 especies que principalmente habitan en Estados Unidos de América y México. El grupo de especies Neotoma mexicana alcanza su distribución más sureña en las zonas montañosas del sureste de México y Centro América. Previas investigaciones sugirieron que N. mexicana presenta una distribución discontinua, mientras que N. ferruginea y N. picta tienen distribuciones alopátricas alrededor de las tierras bajas del Istmo de Tehuantepec. Sin embargo, estas hipótesis fueron sugeridas con un muestreo sub-específico incompleto cerca del istmo. Utilizamos muestras de N. m. parvidens de la Sierra Sur de Oaxaca y N. m. tropicalis de la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca para evaluar su afinidad taxonómica. Nuestros análisis filogenéticos del gen mitocondrial citocromo b revelaron que ambas subespecies pertenecen a N. ferruginea. Por lo tanto, sugerimos que N. mexicana se distribuye de manera continua desde Estados Unidos hasta la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana, N. picta habita en la Sierra Madre del Sur en Guerrero, y N. ferruginea se distribuye desde la Sierra Madre del Sur en Oaxaca hasta Centro América. Nuestros resultados también indican que el Istmo de Tehuantepec no promovió procesos de especiación en estas ratas de campo.

ORIENTATION: Research regarding subjective well-being (including life satisfaction and domain-specific satisfaction) is necessary, given the effects thereof on health, work performance, social relationships and ethical behaviour of employees RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among life satisfaction, job satisfaction and wage satisfaction, as well as how these relationships related to gross wage category in a South African sample. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: While research has shown that wage level and wage satisfaction are positively associated with both job and life satisfaction, the question arises whether wage level and satisfaction would compensate for the negative effect of a dissatisfying job on life satisfaction. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used. A non-probability convenience sample (N = 763) in the form of the WageIndicator data set was obtained. Hierarchical log-linear analyses and cross-tabulations were carried out to determine the relationships that existed among the constructs. MAIN FINDINGS: Although job satisfaction and wage satisfaction were strongly related at a low level of wage satisfaction, fewer people were satisfied with their jobs at a high level of wage satisfaction level. Moreover, while job and life satisfaction were strongly related at a low level of job satisfaction level, relatively fewer people were satisfied with their lives at a high level of job satisfaction level. Wage dissatisfaction was associated with dissatisfaction with life but was more strongly associated with life satisfaction at a high level of wage satisfaction. Wage category and wage satisfaction did not interact with the job satisfaction level in affecting life satisfaction. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Managers should attend to the perceptions of wage dissatisfaction at low wage and wage satisfaction levels. Such dissatisfaction may have a negative impact on the job and life satisfaction of employees and result in detrimental effects on employees and organisations. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the relationships between wage, wage satisfaction, job dissatisfaction and life satisfaction.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Interferon-free, multi-direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly effective and well tolerated, but costly. To gain perspective on the evolving economics of HCV therapy, we compared the cost per cure of a multi-DAA regimen with the prior standard of triple therapy. Material and methods. Patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who were treated through the University of Colorado Hepatology Clinic between May 2011 and December 2014 comprised the study population. The multi-DAA regimen of simeprevir plus sofosbuvir (SMV/SOF) was compared to the triple therapy regimen consisting of peginterferon and ribavirin, with either boceprevir or telaprevir (TT). Sustained-virologic response (SVR) rates, total costs per treatment and adverse events were recorded. Total cost per SVR were compared for the two treatments, controlling for patient demographics and clinical characteristics. Results. One hundred eighty-three patients received SMV/SOF (n = 70) or TT (n = 113). Patients receiving SMV/SOF were older, more treatment experienced, and had a higher stage of fibrosis. SVRs were 86% and 59%, average total costs per patient were $152,775 and $95,943, and average total costs per SVR were $178,237 vs. $161,813.49 for SMV/SOF and TT groups, respectively. Medication costs accounted for 98% of SMV/SOF and 85% of TT treatment costs. Conclusion. The high cure rate of multi-DAA treatment of HCV is offset by the high costs of the DAAs, such that the cost per cure from TT to multi-DAA therapy has been relatively constant. In order to cure more patients, either additional financial resources will need to be allocated to the treatment of HCV or drug costs will need to be reduced.

A competição, a cobrança social e pessoal e a possibilidade de fracasso são alguns dos fatores que podem tornar a situação de prova um evento estressante e gerador de ansiedade. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou disponibilizar para o Brasil dois instrumentos de avaliação da ansiedade em situações de testagem e demonstrar evidências de validade dessas escalas. Participaram do estudo 1.878 estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas e particulares de Brasília. Dois instrumentos de ansiedade foram desenvolvidos: um que busca medir quatro dimensões de ansiedade, o Inventário de Ansiedade frente a Provas (IAP), e o Inventário de Ansiedade Internamente e Externamente Causada (IAIEC). Verificou-se que os instrumentos têm adequadas estruturas fatoriais e boa consistência interna. Ademais, análises de correlação com outros instrumentos de ansiedade indicaram evidências de validade convergente adequada com correlações entre 0,31 e 0,72. As implicações do estudo são notáveis no âmbito clínico, social e acadêmico.

Competition, social and personal demands, and the possibility of failure are all factors that might turn examination situations into stressful and anxiety-inducing events. The purpose of the present study was to provide two Brazilian assessment instruments of anxiety in examination contexts and to demonstrate evidence of their validity. A sample of 1,878 high school students from public and private schools in Brasilia participated in this study. Two instruments of anxiety were developed: the Testing Anxiety Inventory (IAP) measuring four anxiety dimensions, and the IAIEC assessing internally and externally caused anxiety. The findings indicate that both instruments have an adequate factor structure and a good internal consistency. Moreover, correlational analysis with other instruments of anxiety suggests evidence of an adequate convergent validity with correlations varying between .31 and .72. The implications of the present study are noteworthy in clinical, social and academic contexts.

La competencia, presión social y personal, así como la posibilidad de fracaso son algunos de los factores que pueden hacer de la realización de una prueba un momento de estrés que genera ansiedad. En ese contexto, este estudio buscó ofrecer dos instrumentos de medida de la ansiedad en situación de prueba y demostrar las evidencias de validez de esas escalas para uso en Brasil. Participaron 1.878 estudiantes de enseñanza media de escuelas públicas y particulares de Brasilia. Dos instrumentos de ansiedad fueron desarrollados: uno que busca medir cuatro dimensiones de ansiedad, el Inventario de Ansiedad frente a Pruebas (IAP), y el Inventario de Ansiedad Interna y Externamente Causada (IAIEC). Se verificó que los instrumentos tienen estructuras factoriales adecuadas y buena consistencia interna. Además, los análisis de correlación con otros instrumentos de ansiedad indicaron evidencias de validez convergente adecuadas con correlaciones entre 0,31 y 0,72. Las implicaciones de esta investigación son importantes para el ámbito clínico, social y académico.

Scholars are still of the opinion that Augustine first started to read and discuss the Bible only once he became a Catholic Christian, or even only after his appointment as a Catholic priest. The possibility of Manichaean influences on Augustine's reproduction of biblical texts is therefore, in many cases, not taken into account. However, the study of (Latin) Manichaean sources gives us reason to rethink that position. This article is an investigation of the use of Scripture in the most extensive, still existing Manichaean work, originally written in Latin, namely the Capitula. Its author was the Manichaean bishop Faustus (flor. app. 380 CE Roman Africa). The most important subject in the Capitula concerns those parts of Scripture that bear relevance to the real Christian. Therefore, the work provides important insight into the Manichaeans' use and appreciation of Scripture. Faustus was well-known to the young Augustine and as a consequence the Capitula could well give us important insights into Augustine's knowledge of and opinions on Scripture as a Manichaean hearer. One problem with this theory is the fact that Augustine only received the work some 13 years after his conversion to Catholic Christianity. However, the examination of the quotations from Scripture, that have as its focus those from the Old Testament, illustrates, amongst others, that Faustus mainly used Biblical texts already quoted in the works of Addas/Adimantus (flor. 270 CE). The Capitula turns out to be an eloquent recycling of earlier Manichaean biblical arguments - a fact that makes it very likely that the content of the Capitula was known to Augustine in his Manichaean years. As a consequence, one should reckon with Manichaean influence on Augustine's reproduction of biblical texts.

In this paper we analyse the effects of internal heat generation, thermal radiation and buoyancy force on the laminar boundary layer about a vertical plate in a uniform stream of fluid under a convective surface boundary condition. In the analysis, we assumed that the left surface of the plate is in contact with a hot fluid whilst a stream of cold fluid flows steadily over the right surface; the heat source decays exponentially outwards from the surface of the plate. The similarity variable method was applied to the steady state governing non-linear partial differential equations, which were transformed into a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations and were solved numerically by applying a shooting iteration technique together with a sixth-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme for better accuracy. The effects of the Prandtl number, the local Biot number, the internal heat generation parameter, thermal radiation and the local Grashof number on the velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated and interpreted in physical terms. A comparison with previously published results on similar special cases showed excellent agreement.

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre questões metodológicas em relação à avaliação de programas sociais, tomando como exemplo o caso do Plano Nacional de Qualificação do Trabalhador - PLANFOR. O delineamento da pesquisa foi de um estudo quase-experimental, com três grupos: dois experimentais e um controle. A pesquisa foi realizada durante os anos de 2001 a 2004, com coleta de dados antes e depois do programa, englobando 360 instituições, sendo uma por município, cobrindo todas as regiões brasileiras. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um instrumento com indicadores quantitativos (sociais e econômicos). Foram comparadas quatro estratégias de análise de dados: análise de variância (ANOVA) de mensurações repetidas (pré e pós-teste), ANOVA com escores de ganho, ANOVA com categorização dos sujeitos no pré-teste (blocking) e análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Foram ainda consideradas interpretações alternativas para os efeitos encontrados. Por fim, discutiu-se a adequação de tais estratégias para a avaliação de programas sociais.

This article presents a discussion about methodological questions related to social programs evaluation, taking as an example the case of the National Worker Qualification Plan - PLANFOR. The present study used a quasi-experimental design containing three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. The research was realized from 2001 to 2004, with data collection before and after the program, and comprising 360 organizations, one per city, from all Brazilian regions. For data collection, it was used an instrument with quantitative indicators (social and economic). Four data analysis strategies were compared: analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurement (pre- and post-test scores), ANOVA with gain scores, ANOVA after subjects' categorization on their pre-test (blocking), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Alternative explanations of the observed effects were considered. Finally, the suitability of these strategies to the evaluation of social programs was discussed.

Una investigación preliminar de algunos aspectos de la biología del langostino Macrobrachium dux (Lenz, 1910) fue realizada en el río Orogota en Abavo, sur de Nigeria entre marzo y agosto de 1995. Los langostinos de agua dulce fueron recolectados con trampas y removidos con una canasta de mano. Este estudio reveló que las especies de langostinos se encontraban distribuídas ampliamente y en abundancia en este río. La abundancia en términos de número y biomasa fue mayor en la estación lluviosa con un pico en agosto. Tanto adultos como juveniles mostraron un crecimiento progresivo desde el final de la estación seca hasta la mitad de la estación luuviosa (agosto). La relación machoshembras fue de 1:1,2. La fluctuación entre el número y porcentaje de hembras ovígeras que los langostinos depositan sus huevos durante la mitad de la estación lluviosa. Hembras ovígeras oscilaron entre 4,6 y 7,5 cm y el tamaño de los huevos varió entre 1,5 y 1,7 cm. Los langostinos alcanzaron longitudes y pesos totales de 7,5 cm y 7 g respectivamente. Su patrón de crecimiento fue alométrico. El promedio mensual del factor de condición osciló entre 1,43 y 2,37 y mostró fluctuación mensual con el pico en julio.

Preliminary investigation into some aspects of the biology of the palaemonid prawn, Macrobrachium dux (Lenz, 1910) in River Orogodo at Abavo, southern Nigeria was carried out between March and August 1995. The freshwater prawns were collected with properly baited cage traps and scooping with hand basket. The study revealed that the prawn species were widespread and abundant in the river. Abundance in terms of number and biomass was more during the wet season with a peak in August. Both adults and juveniles showed a progressive increase from late dry season to midrainy season (August). The malefemale ratio was 1:1.2. The fluctuation in the number and percentage of ovigerous females indicated that the prawn spawned during the midrainy season (JuneAugust). Ovigerous females ranged from 4.6 to 7.5 cm and egg size varied from 1.5 to 1.7 mm. The prawn attained a maximum total length and weight of 7.5 cm and 7.0 g respectively. Its growth pattern was allometric. The mean monthly condition factor (k) ranged from 1.43 to 2.37 and generally showed a monthly fluctuation with a peak in July.

Esse estudo visou construir um modelo de desempenho escolar utilizando análise multinível, um tipo de regressão múltipla que leva em consideração a estrutura hierárquica dos dados. Foram considerados os dados do SAEB de 2001, especificamente os referentes aos alunos da 3ª série do Ensino Médio. Depois de controlar o efeito das variáveis de seletividade e composição escolar verificou-se uma correlação intraclasse de 0,17. Isso significa que 17% da variância no desempenho escolar podem ser atribuídos ao nível da escola. No modelo multinível final foram incluídas sete variáveis referentes ao aluno e nove variáveis referentes à escola. As variáveis com efeito mais forte concernentes ao aluno foram: atraso escolar e comparação do aluno com os colegas. Quanto à escola foram: recursos culturais agregado e atraso escolar agregado. Espera-se que o modelo final seja utilizado para a elaboração de políticas públicas visando o melhoramento do sistema educacional brasileiro.

The purpose of this study was to construct a model of student performance using multilevel analysis, a type of multiple regression that takes into consideration the hierarchical structure of the data. The study used the data of the third grade students of secondary school who participated in the SAEB 2001 assessment. After controlling the effect of the variables of selectivity and school composition, an intraclass correlation of 0.17 was found, indicating that 17% of the variance in student performance can be attributed to the school level. In the final multilevel model seven variables of student level and nine variables of school level were included. The variables with the strongest effect on student level were: school delay and comparison of the student with his colleagues. On school level these variables were: aggregated cultural resources and aggregated school delay. The final model elaborated in this study will hopefully be used to elaborate public policies with a view to improve the Brazilian educational system.

Parched and ground whole garden slugs are claimed in rural Jamaican folklore practices to have useful effects in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Since this claim may be associated with respiratory dysfunction due to histamine from allergic sensitization, the authors investigated the effects of a semi-pure alcoholic extract (AST-1) on histamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig in vitro tracheal muscle preparation and cutaneous allergic responses in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. Chemical analysis of AST-1 by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography indicated two compounds in the composition, but the molecular structures were not determined. Pharmacological evaluation of AST-1 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of histamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig tracheal muscle preparation. AST-1 also inhibited contraction of the tracheal muscle produced by selective H1 receptor stimulation with HTMT dimaleate. H2 receptors were not involved, as indicated by the absence of contraction with dimaprit hydrochloride, a selective H2 agonist. Also, in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs, AST-1 and diphenhydramine, a selective H1 antagonist, inhibited the cutaneous responses due to intradermal injection of histamine and ovalbumin. These results suggest that AST-1 has H1 anti-histamine properties which can inhibit histamine-induced tracheobronchial muscle contraction and cutaneous responses due to allergy.

En el contexto de las prácticas folclóricas de la Jamaica rural, se afirma que las babosas de jardín tostadas y molidas, tienen efectos útiles en el tratamiento del asma bronquial. Como que esta afirmación puede estar asociada con una disfunción respiratoria debida a la histamina de la sensibilización alérgica, los autores se dieron a la tarea de investigar los efectos de un extracto alcohólico semi-puro (AST-1) sobre la contracción inducida por histamina de un preparado in vitro de músculo de tráquea de cobayo, y las respuestas cutáneas alérgicas en cobayos sensibilizados con ovalbúmina. El análisis químico de AST-1 mediante cromatografía en columna y cromatografía en capa fina, indicaron dos compuestos en la composición, pero no se determinaron las estructuras moleculares. La evaluación farmacológica de AST-1 produjo una inhibición - dependiente de la concentración - de la contracción, inducida por histamina, del preparado de músculo de tráquea de cobayo. El AST-1 también inhibió la contracción del músculo traqueal producida por la estimulación de receptor selectivo H1 con dimaleato de HTMT. No se involucraron receptores H2, como lo indicó la ausencia de contracción con hidrocloruro de dimaprit - un agonista selectivo H2. Asimismo, en cobayos sensibilizados con ovalbúmina, el AST-1 y la difenidramina - un antagonista selectivo H1 - inhibieron las respuestas cutáneas debido a la inyección intradérmica de histamina y ovalbúmina. Estos resultados sugieren que el AST-1 tiene propiedades antihestamínicas H1, las cuales pueden inhibir la contracción muscular traqueobronquial inducida por la histamina y las reacciones cutáneas debido a la alergia.